In recent literature reviews on long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 1 year).

Estimates generally supported a greater contribution to increased risk from exposure windows closer in time to incident IHD and incident stroke. Increased risk estimates for stroke in relation to lag 1–5- and 6–10-years BC moving averages were observed. No associations were shown in single lag models. A risk increase for stroke was suggested in relation to lags 2–4-year PM 2.5 and BC, and also lags 8–9-years BC. However, for PM 2.5 from local sources, a 20% risk increase per 1 µg/m 3 for 1-year lag was estimated. The DLNM estimated no exposure lag-response between PM 2.5 total, BC, and IHD. Simultaneous estimates of exposure lags 1–10 years using DLNMs were compared with separate year specific (single lag) estimates and estimates for lag 1–5- and 6–10-years using moving average exposure.

Annual mean concentrations of particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5) and black carbon (BC) were estimated for participants in five Swedish cohorts using dispersion models. This study aims to estimate the exposure-lag response between air pollution exposure and risk for ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke incidence by applying distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs). Long-term air pollution exposure increases the risk for cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the temporal relationships between exposure and health outcomes.

Artificial academy 2 lag windows 10